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Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4), which is the catalytic enzyme for the first step, firstly catalyzes free AA/AdA to bind CoA to form AA/AdACoA derivatives, facilitating their esterification into phospholipids (Golej et al., 2011

Figure 4 Table 2 Numbers of significant and non-significant differential metabolites among the four Ganoderma species

Another area of increasing interest is the signaling role of astrocytic lactate beyond its role as an energy substrate: emerging evidence demonstrates that lactate induces histone lysine lactylation (e.g., H3K18la), activating transcription factors like Klf4 to regulate genes associated with synaptic plasticity (e.g., Arc, CREB), thereby contributing to epigenetic remodeling during long-term memory formationa mechanism that underscores metabolic signaling as a target for cognitive enhancement (Yao et al., 2023)

Endotoxin Assay A bacterial endotoxin assay is used to screen for microscopic heat stable remnants shed by Gram-negative bacteria

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It increases hepatic adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activity, reduces gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis in the liver and simultaneously increases insulin-mediated uptake of glucose in muscles [105]