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A useful mental discipline throughout this article is to keep asking, for each component, evidence for what , in which tissue, by which route? For GHK-Cu the honest answers are: matrix and antioxidant biology, in skin, largely topical a narrower claim than the blends branding implies

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Figure 4 3.1.1

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Abbreviations ACE: Angiotensin-converting enzyme AGEs: Advanced glycation end products ARB: Angiotensin receptor blocker ATP: Adenosine triphosphate CAT: Catalase CCK-8: Cell counting kit-8 CKD: Chronic kidney disease DKD: Diabetic kidney disease DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide Drp1: Dynamin related protein 1 ESRD: End-stage renal disease Fis1: Fission 1 GSH: Glutathione H&E: Hematoxylin and eosin HIF-1: Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 HK-2: Human proximal tubular epithelial cells HK2: Hexokinase 2 LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase MDA: Malondialdehyde Mfn1/Mfn2: Mitofusin M-SYFSF: Modified Shen-Yan-Fang-Shuai formula OB: Oral bioavailability PAS: Periodic acid-schiff PDB: Protein data bank PDK1: Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 RT-PCR: Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction SGLT2: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 STZ: Streptozotocin UACR: Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio 2-DG: 2-Deoxy-d-glucose 8-OHdG: 8-Hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine -SMA: -Smooth Muscle Actin References International Diabetes Federation