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Jinan: Shandong University

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First, autophagy plays a protective role by inhibiting oxidative damage and apoptosis in CuSO 4 -induced testicular injury and spermatogenesis disruption, and second, autophagy plays an adverse role by promoting ferroptosis, thus aggravating the toxicity caused by CuSO 4 [100]

A Shimadzu LC20AD, Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) system (Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan) equipped with Shimadzu 8040 triple quadrupole (QqQ) mass analyzer (Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan) with an electrospray ionization source (ESI) operated in the positive charge mode for the quantification of 1 and 2

Antioxidants applied to the outside of a plant, through foliar spraying, seed soaking, seed coating, or via watering for root uptake, will likely first interact with the apoplast, the extracellular space, before they reach the cytoplasm