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Insulin resistance when the body's cells don't respond properly to insulinis often linked to high levels of oxidative stress

The hype Antioxidants are appealing, because they have the potential to counteract harmful ROS, which are known to break sperm DNA, promote lipid peroxidation, and reduce motility

(2025) Environ Health Perspect, 133: 17002

Myristica fragrans (nutmeg) extract, acting through the Akt/JNKKeap1Nrf2HO-1 cascade, simultaneously reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-, IL-1, IL-6) and oxidative stress markers (MDA, MPO), while enhancing IL-10, SOD, and GSH-Px activities ( Codonopsis pilosula (Dangshen) extract demonstrated dual regulation in a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease model: activating Nrf2 while suppressing NF-B, as indicated by reduced p-p65/p65 and p-IB-/IB- ratios, leading to improvements in both inflammation and oxidative stress ( in vivo (4 dpf zebrafish larvae) and in vitro (BV-2 microglial cells) models, by modulating the Nrf2 and TLR4 signaling pathways (Figure 3C) ( Overall, the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of phytochemicals are inherently multidimensional, operating through NF-B inhibition, MAPK modulation, and Nrf2 activation (Saleh et al., 2021

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However, challenges such as the potential toxicity of photoactive materials, limited UV light penetration in deep tissues, and the risk of localized inflammation due to free radicals during polymerization remain