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[DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] [101].Moghaddas S, Stoll MS, Minkler PE, Salomon RG, Hoppel CL, Lesnefsky EJ

Abbreviations FAO Fatty Acid Oxidation acyl-CoA acyl-Coenzyme A BCAA Branched-Chain Amino Acid BCAC Branched-Chain Acylcarnitine LCAC Long-Chain Acylcarnitine OXPHOS Oxidative Phosphorylation BCFA Branched-Chain Fatty Acid VLCFA Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid C16-Carnitine palmitoylcarnitine CPT1A Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 1 A TML 6-N-trimethyllysine TMLD 6-N-trimethyllysine dioxygenase HTML 3-hydroxy-6-N-trimethyllysine TMABA 4-N-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde HTMLA 3-hydroxy-6-N-trimethyllysine aldolase TMABA DH 4-N-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde Dehydrogenase BB -Butyrobetaine BBD -Butyrobetaine Dioxygenase OCTN Organic Cation Transporter Novel CrAT Carnitine Acetyltransferase CrOT Carnitine Octanoyltransferase TMA Trimethylamine TMAO Trimethylamine-N-oxide TMAVA Trimethyl-5-Aminovaleric Acid PDC Pyruvate Dehydrogenase IRI Ischemia-Reperfusion injury AKT Protein Kinase B PI3K Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase AMPK AMP-Activated Protein Kinase JNK c-Jun N-terminal Kinase mTOR mechanistic Target Of Rapamycin MAPK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase NF-B Nuclear Factor B Nrf2 the Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 TNF- Tumor Necrosis Factor CAT Catalase COX-2 Cyclooxygenase-2 ERK Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinase ROS Oxygen Species MDA Malondialdehyde SOD Superoxide Dismutase MyD88 Myeloid Differentiation factor 88 ER Endoplasmic Reticulum PGC-1 Peroxidase proliferator-activated receptor coactivator-1 PPAR Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor GST Glutathione-S-Transferase GSH Reduced Glutathione GSH-Px Glutathione peroxidase GSSG Oxidized Glutathione TBARS Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances NLRP3 NOD-Like Receptor Thermal Protein Domain Associated Protein 3 COX2 Cyclooxygenase-2 Cyt c Cytochrome c HO-1 Heme Oxygenase-1 FOXO Forkhead box O IGF-1 Insulin like Growth Factor-1 BDNF Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor NGF Nerve Growth Factor NQO1 NAD(P)H Quinone Oxidoreductase 1 Author contributions FX: Investigation, Writing original draft

A glass of whole milk contains approximately 8 mg of L-carnitine, while a slice of white cheese contains about 3 mg of L-carnitine

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Whether these phenotypes are linked to the general function of the Phe-loop is unclear