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Mikrut BA

[59] reported that the administration of carnitine alongside physical exercise stimulates the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase, limited by the availability of NAD+

In conclusion, additional research is required to verify its safety and efficacy, even if it shows promise in the treatment of obesity

For example, NAD+-dependent enzymes include the sirtuins (SIRT1-7), a family of protein deacetylases involved in gene expression, stress responses, and metabolic regulation, as well as poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) that assist in DNA repair

Interestingly, it was demonstrated that the branched chain amino acid transaminase 1 (BCAT1) actives mTORC1 and in consequence promotes the mitochondrial biogenesis, ATP production and defense of oxidative stress (143)

Nrf2 regulates the action of both direct and indirect enzymes [32,33]