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It has been reported that Ni NPs can induce apoptosis in HepG2 and A549 cells through oxidative stress injury, ultimately arresting the cells in the sub-G1 phase [107].Therefore, the primary mechanism of Ni NP toxicity is likely oxidative stress damage

Three Amino Acids Form Glutathione These amino acids play several vital roles in the function of glutathione and, more broadly, within the body: Cysteine: This amino acid contains a sulfhydryl (SH) group, which is essential for the powerful antioxidant protection glutathione provides

The main pathological feature of PD is extensive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, which is associated with enhanced intracellular oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction 10,11

The predicted pKa values were 1.94, 3.74, and 9.22 (Marvin), as well as 2.118, 3.632, and 9.369 (Cambridgesoft)

& Klebanoff, S

This binding activates several intracellular signaling cascades that ultimately drive cell growth, proliferation, and survival