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In general, there are four main mechanisms, GPX4, FSP1, GCH1 and SLC7A11, to help the body resist oxidative stress

Regeneration of GSH from GSSG is catalyzed by glutathione reductase (GR), which uses NADPH as an electron donor

These combined with multispectral photoacoustic tomography could ratiometrically trace RONS in RAW 264.7 cells due to the structural rearrangement or degradation of HCy5/Cy7, accompanied with altered absorbance at 640 or 800 nm, respectively, thus revealing the pathophysiological process in LPS- or acetaminophen (APAP)-induced inflammatory mice (Fig

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The GSH-containing syringe of the stopped-flow spectrofluorometer was supplemented again with 0.4 U/mL GR and 0.25 mM NADPH to remove trace amounts of GSSG and to prevent the thermodynamically favored reverse reaction 32