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Niacinamide works to refine pores, control excess oil, and strengthen the skin barrier, while Glutathione supports a brighter, more luminous complexion

They are considered the gold standard and are thus used in translational or preclinical investigations (23, 42)

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330,331 TMAO inhibitors (e.g., ALG-05, which targets tryptophan indole lyase) curb IS production, easing fibrosis, whereas tight junction enhancers (e.g., chitosan oligosaccharide [COS]) activate intestinal CaSR/AMPK pathways, reducing systemic inflammation and oxidative stress in prediabetes, with COS also balancing mTOR-autophagy dynamics in renal cells

Activation of these downstream pathways drives a cascade of inflammatory responses

AI, particularly ML and DL, has proven transformative in this domain by integrating multi-omics datagenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and imagingto derive predictive models for immunotherapeutic response