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It is estimated that around 300 million Chinese use tobacco while 2,000 die from smoking-related illnesses every day

Based on the knowledge above, we hypothesized that the gut microbiome links smoking behaviors and conducted a two-sample bi-directional MR analysis to elucidate the causal association between the gut microbiota and smoking phenotypes and further explore the potential role of several metabolites on these associations

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*Excludes cuban cigars and cigarettes

28 Hence, as UK males born in 1900-1930 reached extreme old age at the end of the 20th centuryor, for those born in the 1920s, in the early years of the 21st centurythey provide the first opportunity to assess directly the hazards of persistent cigarette smoking and, correspondingly (in comparison with those who continued), the long term benefits of cessation