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Until then, every EU member state sets its own rules

Nicotine is a chemical, an alkaloid, found naturally in tobacco and other plants in the nightshade family

Early detection of any complications is vital for treating and preventing any longer-term or more serious issues

Further studies are needed to elucidate the detailed mechanisms by which smoking induces endothelial dysfunction and to determine whether smoking cessation directly improves endothelial function

n = 90) systems

Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2012 [accessed 2016 Nov 21]