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effects of e cigarettes on oral health Risks Vaping Vaping and Oral Health: What
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Gopal Grandhige, MD, FACS, Board-Certified Surgeon Last Reviewed: April 5, 2026 Smoking significantly worsens acid reflux and GERD by weakening the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), increasing stomach acid production, and impairing the esophaguss ability to clear acid
The cost for Brazil and Germany comes in at over US$ 200 million (see table below for further estimates)
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Bhalerao A, Sivandzade F, Archie SR, Cucullo L

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